In a use-of-force decision tree, what is considered a less-lethal option?

• A. OC spray is typically considered a less-lethal option when lethal force is not justified.
• B. Verbal commands alone are sufficient in all cases.
• C. A firearm is considered a less-lethal option.
• D. Any use of force that harms is unacceptable.

Answer: (A)

In a use-of-force decision tree, a less-lethal option is any tool or tactic designed to stop or deter a threat with a lower risk of causing death or serious injury than deadly force. OC spray fits this role because it causes temporary incapacitation through eye and respiratory irritation, allowing you to gain control without resorting to lethal harm. It is used when there is a reasonable belief that lethal force is not justified and when de-escalation or slower, non-lethal methods are appropriate.

Verbal commands are essential for de-escalation, but they aren’t a guarantee to stop a threat in every situation; relying on them alone isn’t considered a sufficient use of force in all cases. A firearm, by definition, is lethal force, not a less-lethal option. And while the goal is to minimize harm, not every use of force is prohibited—proportional, justified force is allowed in many policies when needed to stop a threat. The most fitting example of a less-lethal option in this context is OC spray, used when lethal force isn’t justified.